@article {zevin2023gravity, title = {Gravity Spy: Lessons Learned and a Path Forward}, journal = {European Physical Journal Plus}, volume = {139}, year = {2024}, month = {01/2024}, pages = {Article 100}, abstract = {

The Gravity Spy project aims to uncover the origins of glitches, transient bursts of noise that hamper analysis of gravitational-wave data. By using both the work of citizen-science volunteers and machine-learning algorithms, the Gravity Spy project enables reliable classification of glitches. Citizen science and machine learning are intrinsically coupled within the Gravity Spy framework, with machine-learning classifications providing a rapid first-pass classification of the dataset and enabling tiered volunteer training, and volunteer-based classifications verifying the machine classifications, bolstering the machine-learning training set and identifying new morphological classes of glitches. These classifications are now routinely used in studies characterizing the performance of the LIGO gravitational-wave detectors. Providing the volunteers with a training framework that teaches them to classify a wide range of glitches, as well as additional tools to aid their investigations of interesting glitches, empowers them to make discoveries of new classes of glitches. This demonstrates that, when giving suitable support, volunteers can go beyond simple classification tasks to identify new features in data at a level comparable to domain experts. The Gravity Spy project is now providing volunteers with more complicated data that includes auxiliary monitors of the detector to identify the root cause of glitches.

}, doi = {10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04795-4}, author = {Michael Zevin and Corey B. Jackson and Zoheyr Doctor and Yunan Wu and Carsten {\O}sterlund and L. Clifton Johnson and Christopher P. L. Berry and Kevin Crowston and Scott B. Coughlin and Vicky Kalogera and Sharan Banagiri and Derek Davis and Jane Glanzer and Renzhi Hao and Aggelos K. Katsaggelos and Oli Patane and Jennifer Sanchez and Joshua Smith and Siddharth Soni and Laura Trouille and Marissa Walker and Irina Aerith and Wilfried Domainko and Victor-Georges Baranowski and Gerhard Niklasch and Barbara T{\'e}gl{\'a}s} } @article {soni2021discovering, title = {Discovering features in gravitational-wave data through detector characterization, citizen science and machine learning}, journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, volume = {38}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/ac1ccb}, author = {S Soni and C P L Berry and S B Coughlin and M Harandi and C B Jackson and K Crowston and C {\O}sterlund and O Patane and A K Katsaggelos and L Trouille and V-G Baranowski and W F Domainko and K Kaminski and M A Lobato Rodriguez and U Marciniak and P Nauta and G Niklasch and R R Rote and B T{\'e}gl{\'a}s and C Unsworth and C Zhang} } @article {9998, title = {Examining Open Innovation in Science (OIS): What Open Innovation can and cannot offer the science of science}, journal = {Innovation: Organization \& Management}, year = {2021}, abstract = {

Scholars across disciplines increasingly hear calls for more open and collaborative approaches to scientific research. The concept of Open Innovation in Science (OIS) provides a framework that integrates dispersed research efforts aiming to understand the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of applying open and collaborative research practices. While the OIS framework has already been taken up by science of science scholars, its conceptual underpinnings require further specification. In this essay, we critically examine the OIS concept and bring to light two key aspects: 1) how OIS builds upon Open Innovation (OI) research by adopting its attention to boundary-crossing knowledge flows and by adapting other concepts developed and researched in OI to the science context as exemplified by two OIS cases in the area of research funding; 2) how OIS conceptualises knowledge flows across boundaries. While OI typically focuses on well-defined organizational boundaries, we argue that blurry and even invisible boundaries between communities of practice may more strongly constrain flows of knowledge related to openness and collaboration in science. Given the uptake of this concept, this essay brings needed clarity to the meaning of OIS, which has no particular normative orientation toward a close coupling between science and industry. We end by outlining the essay{\textquoteright}s contributions to OI and the science of science, as well as to science practitioners.

}, doi = {10.1080/14479338.2021.1999248}, author = {Susanne Beck and Marcel LaFlamme and Carsten Bergenholtz and Marcel Bogers and Tiare-Maria Brasseur and Marie-Louise Conradsen and Kevin Crowston and Diletta Di Marco and Agnes Effert and Despoina Filiou and Lars Frederiksen and Thomas Gillier and Marc Gruber and Carolin Haeussler and Karin Hoisl and Olga Kokshagina and Maria-Theresa Norn and Marion Poetz and Gernot Pruschak and Laia Pujol Priego and Agnieszka Radziwon and Alexander Ruser and Henry Sauermann and Sonali Shah and Julia Suess-Reyes and Christopher L. Tucci and Philipp Tuertscher and Jane Bj{\o}rn Vedel and Roberto Verganti and Jonathan Wareham and Sunny Mosangzi Xu} } @article {9998, title = {Knowledge Tracing to Model Learning in Online Citizen Science Projects}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies}, volume = {13}, year = {2020}, pages = {123-134}, abstract = {

We present the design of a citizen science system that uses machine learning to guide the presentation of image classification tasks to newcomers to help them more quickly learn how to do the task while still contributing to the work of the project. A Bayesian model for tracking volunteer learning for training with tasks with uncertain outcomes is presented and fit to data from 12,986 volunteer contributors. The model can be used both to estimate the ability of volunteers and to decide the classification of an image. A simulation of the model applied to volunteer promotion and image retirement suggests that the model requires fewer classifications than the current system.

}, issn = {1939-1382}, doi = {10.1109/TLT.2019.2936480 }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/transaction\%20paper\%20final\%20figures\%20in\%20text.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Tae Kyoung Lee and Corey Brian Jackson and Mahboobeh Harandi and Sarah Allen and Sara Bahaadini and Scott Coughlin and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Shane Larson and Neda Rohani and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Michael Zevin} } @article {9999, title = {Teaching Citizen Scientists to Categorize Glitches using Machine-Learning-Guided Training}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, volume = {105}, year = {2020}, pages = {106198}, abstract = {

Training users in online communities is important for making high performing contributors. However, several conundrums exists in choosing the most effective approaches to training users. For example, if it takes time to learn to do the task correctly, then the initial contributions may not be of high enough quality to be useful. We conducted an online field experiment where we recruited users (N = 386) in a web-based citizen-science project to evaluate the two training approaches. In one training regime, users received one-time training and were asked to learn and apply twenty classes to the data. In the other approach, users were gradually exposed to classes of data that were selected by trained machine learning algorithms as being members of particular classes. The results of our analysis revealed that the gradual training produced {\textquotedblleft}high performing contributors{\textquotedblright}. In our comparison of the treatment and control groups we found users who experienced gradual training performed significantly better on the task (an average accuracy of 90\% vs. 54\%), contributed more work (an average of 228 vs. 121 classifications), and were retained in the project for a longer period of time (an average of 2.5 vs. 2 sessions). The results suggests online production communities seeking to train newcomers would benefit from training regimes that gradually introduce them to the work of the project using real tasks.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2019.106198}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/MLGT-preprint.pdf}, author = {Corey Jackson and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Kevin Crowston and Mahboobeh Harandi and Sarah Allen and Sara Bahaadini and Scott Coughlin and Vicky Kalogera and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Shane Larson and Neda Rohani and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Michael Zevin} } @article {2019, title = {Classifying the unknown: Discovering novel gravitational-wave detector glitches using similarity learning}, journal = {Physical Review D}, volume = {99}, year = {2019}, pages = {082002}, abstract = {

The observation of gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences by LIGO and Virgo has begun a new era in astronomy. A critical challenge in making detections is determining whether loud transient features in the data are caused by gravitational waves or by instrumental or environmental sources. The citizen-science project Gravity Spy has been demonstrated as an efficient infrastructure for classifying known types of noise transients (glitches) through a combination of data analysis performed by both citizen volunteers and machine learning. We present the next iteration of this project, using similarity indices to empower citizen scientists to create large data sets of unknown transients, which can then be used to facilitate supervised machine-learning characterization. This new evolution aims to alleviate a persistent challenge that plagues both citizen-science and instrumental detector work: the ability to build large samples of relatively rare events. Using two families of transient noise that appeared unexpectedly during LIGO{\textquoteright}s second observing run, we demonstrate the impact that the similarity indices could have had on finding these new glitch types in the Gravity Spy program.

}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.99.082002}, author = {Scott Coughlin and Sara Bahaadini and Neda Rohani and Michael Zevin and Patane, Oli and Mahboobeh Harandi and Corey Brian Jackson and Noroozi, V. and Sarah Allen and Areeda, J. and Coughlin, M. and Ruiz, P. and Berry, C. P. L. and Kevin Crowston and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Andrew Lundgren and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Vicky Kalogera} } @proceedings {9999, title = {Linguistic adoption in online citizen science: A structurational perspective}, year = {2019}, address = {Munich, Germany}, abstract = {

For peer-production projects to be successful, members must develop a specific and common language that enables them to cooperate. We address the question of what factors affect the development of shared language in open peer production communities? Answering this question is important because we want the communities to be productive even when self-managed, which requires understanding how shared language emerges. We examine this question using a structurational lens in the setting of a citizen science project. Examining the use of words in the Gravity Spy citizen science project, we find that many words are reused and that most novel words that are introduced are not picked up, showing reproduction of structure. However, some novel words are used by others, showing an evolution of the structure. Participants with roles closer to the science are more likely to have their words reused, showing the mutually reinforcing nature of structures of signification, legitimation and domination.

}, url = {https://aisel.aisnet.org /icis2019/crowds_social/crowds_social/28/}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Linguistic\%20Adoption\%20\%28ICIS\%29\%20final.pdf}, author = {Corey Brian Jackson and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Mahboobeh Harandi and Dhruv Kharwar and Kevin Crowston} } @article {657, title = {Gravity Spy: Integrating Advanced LIGO Detector Characterization, Machine Learning, and Citizen Science}, journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, volume = {34}, year = {2017}, pages = {064003}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/aa5cea}, author = {Michael Zevin and Scott Coughlin and Sara Bahaadini and Emre Besler and Neda Rohani and Sarah Allen and Miriam Cabero and Kevin Crowston and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Shane Larson and Tae Kyoung Lee and Chris Lintott and Tyson Littenberg and Andrew Lundgren and Carsten Oesterlund and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Vicky Kalogera} } @article {2017, title = {A pragmatic approach to managing enterprise IT infrastructures in the era of consumerization and individualization of IT}, journal = {International Journal of Information Management}, volume = {37}, year = {2017}, pages = {566-575}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Historically, organizations owned and controlled the information technologies (IT) their employees used: telephone, inter-office memos, mainframes and timesharing systems. Today, employees often want to use their own IT: not only personal smart phones and tablets, but also Twitter and Google Docs. This new trend can diversify and extend enterprise IT infrastructure, but leaves organizations struggling with technology uses that they cannot control. With the emergence of new technological paradigms in consumer markets and organizations, the management of IT infrastructure requires a more pragmatic and holistic approach that goes beyond simple technological considerations. In this paper, we present a three-part framework{\textemdash}technology, people and practice{\textemdash}that helps managers understand and mitigate these tensions. Drawing on two empirical studies of European executives and consultants form multiple management consulting firms, the paper further outlines changes taking place along the three aspects of the framework. It concludes by discussing three distinct approaches to the management of organizational IT infrastructure (passive, reactive, and pragmatic), and by offering greater insight regarding a pragmatic approach.}, issn = {0268-4012}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.05.016}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Jarrahi\%20et\%20al\%20\%282017\%29\%20A\%20pragmatic\%20approach\%20to\%20managing\%20enterprise\%20IT\%20infrastructures\%20in\%20the\%20era\%20of\%20consumerization\%20and\%20individualization\%20of\%20IT.pdf}, author = {Mohammad Hossein Jarrahi and Kevin Crowston and Bondar, Kateryna and Bernhard Katzy} } @article {9998, title = {Pursuing best performance in research data management by using the Capability Maturity Model and rubrics}, journal = {Journal of eScience Librarianship}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, pages = {e1113}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To support assessment and improvement of research data management (RDM) practices to increase the reliability of RDM, this paper describes the development of a capability maturity model (CMM) for RDM. Improved RDM is now a critical need, but low awareness of{\textemdash}or indeed lack of{\textemdash}data management is still common among research projects. METHODS: A CMM includes four key elements: key practices, key process areas, maturity levels and and generic processes. These elements were determined for RDM by a review and synthesis of the published literature on and best practices for RDM. RESULTS: The RDM CMM includes five chapters describing five key process areas for research data management: 1) data management in general; 2) data acquisition, processing and quality assurance; 3) data description and representation; 4) data dissemination; and 5) repository services and preservation. In each chapter, key data management practices are organized into four groups according to the CMM{\textquoteright}s generic processes: commitment to perform, ability to perform, tasks performed and process assessment (combining the original measurement and verification). For each of practice, the document provides a rubric to help projects or organizations assess their level of maturity in RDM. CONCLUSIONS: By helping organizations identify areas of strength and weakness, the RDM CMM provides guidance on where effort is needed to improve the practice of RDM. }, doi = {10.7191/jeslib.2017.1113}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CMM\%20paper\%20to\%20distribute.pdf}, author = {Jian Qin and Kevin Crowston and Arden Kirkland} } @article {9998, title = {Alignment in an inter-organisational network: the case of ARC transistance}, journal = {European Journal of Information Systems}, volume = {25}, year = {2016}, pages = {553{\textendash}568}, abstract = {We consider the processes of achieving alignment in coordinated inter-organizational networks through a case study of a system development project in ARC Transistance, a network of European automobile clubs that cooperate to provide pan-European service. The theoretical contribution of the paper is, first, an extended strategic alignment model for inter-organizational networks that distinguishes between integration of IS with business strategy and infrastructure, and what we label {\textquoteleft}accordance{\textquoteright} between the strategies and infrastructures of the network and the member firms. Second, we propose that for a network organization, network and member strategies might be complementary as well as tightly coupled. We similarly argue that IS architectures for networks should strive for being {\textquoteleft}business strategy-neutral{\textquoteright} to more easily accommodate the diversity of members. Finally, we discuss how the process of developing a network information system can be a driver towards network alignment, but how the lack of effective governance structures makes alignment harder to achieve.}, issn = {1476-9344}, doi = {10.1057/ejis.2016.9}, url = {http://rdcu.be/nvvw}, author = {Bernhard Katzy and Sung, Gordon and Kevin Crowston} } @article {2016, title = {Manifesto on Engineering Academic Software (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16252)}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2106}, institution = {Schloss Dagstuhl {\textendash} Leibniz Center for Informatics}, address = {Wadern, Germany}, abstract = {Software is often a critical component of scientific research. It can be a component of the academic research methods used to produce research results, or it may itself be an academic research result. Software, however, has rarely been considered to be a citable artifact in its own right. With the advent of open-source software, artifact evaluation committees of conferences, and journals that include source code and running systems as part of the published artifacts, we foresee that software will increasingly be recognized as part of the academic process. The quality and sustainability of this software must be accounted for, both a priori and a posteriori. The Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop on {\textquotedblleft}Engineering Academic Software{\textquotedblright} has examined the strengths, weaknesses, risks, and opportunities of academic software engineering. A key outcome of the workshop is this Dagstuhl Manifesto, serving as a roadmap towards future professional software engineering for software-based research instruments and other software produced and used in an academic context. The manifesto is expressed in terms of a series of actionable {\textquotedblleft}pledges{\textquotedblright} that users and developers of academic research software can take as concrete steps towards improving the environment in which that software is produced.}, author = {Alice Allen and Cecilia Aragon and Christoph Becker and Jeffrey Carver and Andrei Chi{\c s} and Benoit Combemale and Mike Croucher and Kevin Crowston and Daniel Garijo and Ashish Gehani and Carole Goble and Robert Haines and Robert Hirschfeld and James Howison and Kathryn Huff and Caroline Jay and Daniel S. Katz and Claude Kirchner and Katie Kuksenok and Ralf L{\"a}mmel and Oscar Nierstrasz and Matt Turk and van Nieuwpoort, Rob and Matthew Vaughn and Jurgen Vinju} } @article {9998, title = {Assessing IS research impact}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {36}, year = {2015}, chapter = {Article 7}, abstract = {

Based on the International Conference on Information Systems{\textquoteright} (ICIS) 2013 senior scholars{\textquoteright} forum, this paper shares insights on IS research impact assessment. We define research impact as conducting research that makes a difference to individuals, businesses, industries and societies. While assessment groups like AACSB (the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) want scholars to make an impact, sometimes they operationalize impact in ways that may encourage scholars to pursue research goals tangential to making a difference. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate thinking in the IS community on creating research assessment techniques that encourage our scholars to make a difference.

}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.03607}, author = {Niederman, Fred and Kevin Crowston and Koch, Hope and Krcmar, Helmut and Powell, Philip and E. Burton Swanson} } @article {2014, title = {A Capability Maturity Model for Research Data Management}, year = {2014}, institution = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies}, address = {Syracuse, NY}, abstract = {

Objective: To support the assessment and improvement of research data management (RDM) practices to increase its reliability, this paper describes the development of a capability maturity model (CMM) for RDM. Improved RDM is now a critical need, but low awareness of {\textendash} or lack of {\textendash} data management is still common among research projects.

Methods: A CMM includes four key elements: key practices, key process areas, maturity levels, and generic processes. These elements were determined for RDM by a review and synthesis of the published literature on and best practices for RDM.

Results: The RDM CMM includes five chapters describing five key process areas for research data management: 1) data management in general; 2) data acquisition, processing, and quality assurance; 3) data description and representation; 4) data dissemination; and 5) repository services and preservation. In each chapter, key data management practices are organized into four groups according to the CMM{\textquoteright}s generic processes: commitment to perform, ability to perform, tasks performed, and process assessment (combining the original measurement and verification). For each area of practice, the document provides a rubric to help projects or organizations assess their level of maturity in RDM.

Conclusions: By helping organizations identify areas of strength and weakness, the RDM CMM provides guidance on where effort is needed to improve the practice of RDM.

}, url = {https://surface.syr.edu/istpub/184/}, author = {Jian Qin and Kevin Crowston and Arden Kirkland} } @proceedings {417, title = {Technology adoption and use: Theory review for studying scientists{\textquoteright} continued use of cyber-infrastructure}, year = {2011}, month = {10/2011}, address = {New Orleans, LA}, abstract = {In this paper, we seek to identify factors that might increase the likelihood of adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure by scientists. To do so, we review the main research on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption and use by addressing research problems, theories and models used, findings, and limitations. We focus particularly on the individual user perspective. We categorize previous studies into two groups: Adoption research and post-adoption (continued use) research. In addition, we review studies specifically regarding cyber-infrastructure adoption and use by scientists and other special user groups. We identify the limitations of previous theories, models and research findings appearing in the literature related to our current interest in scientists{\textquoteright} adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure. We synthesize the previous theories and models used for ICT adoption and use, and then we develop a theoretical framework for studying scientists{\textquoteright} adoption and use of cyber-infrastructure. We also proposed a research design based on the research model developed. Implications for researchers and practitioners are provided.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ASIST2011-Cyber-infrastructureTheoryReview-FinalVersion-1.pdf}, author = {Kim, Youngseek and Kevin Crowston} } @inbook {2010, title = {Problems in the use-centered development of a taxonomy of web genres}, booktitle = {Genres on the Web: Computational Models and Empirical Studies}, series = {Series: Text, Speech and Language Technology (Series Editors: Ide, Nancy \& V{\'e}ronis, Jean)}, volume = {42}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, chapter = {3}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-90-481-9177-2}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9178-9}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/081024\%20book\%20chapter\%20as\%20submitted.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Rubleske, Joe}, editor = {Mehler, Alexander and Sharoff, Serge and Santini, Marina} } @article {Katzy:2008, title = {Competency rallying for technical innovation: The case of the Virtuelle Fabrik}, journal = {Technovation}, volume = {28}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {679{\textendash}692}, abstract = {Technology improves at an ever-increasing rate, but the speed at which firms can adapt their strategies and competencies to develop technological innovations and exploit market opportunities remains limited. While networks provide an option to increase agility through collaborative access to relevant external competencies, we know little about systematically managing such networks. This paper identifies a collaborative network process that we label competency rallying. We describe the set of inter-organizational routines involved in competency rallying in a case study of the interactions among the partners of the Virtuelle Fabrik, a case of an organized regional network in the manufacturing industry in Switzerland. We describe competency rallying as the (1) identification and development of competencies, (2) identification and facing of market opportunities, (3) marshalling of competencies, and (4) short-term cooperative effort for technological innovation and commercialization. The paper contributes a model that furthers the understanding of the organizational character of networks based on specific, learned network capabilities and which allows prediction of the likelihood of success of practical collaboration projects in networked organizations. }, keywords = {Virtual Organization}, doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2007.11.003}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/TECH1410.pdf}, author = {Bernhard Katzy and Kevin Crowston} } @conference {Rubleske:2007, title = {Building a Corpus of Genre-Tagged Web Pages for an Information-Access Experiment}, booktitle = {Colloquium on Web Genres, Corpus Linguistics}, year = {2007}, address = {Birmingham, UK}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/corpus.longabstract.revised.IV16.pdf}, author = {Rubleske, Joe and Kevin Crowston and Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Chun, You-Lee} } @proceedings {Katzy:2007, title = {Competency rallying processes in virtual organizations}, year = {2007}, pages = {67{\textendash}83}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Portland, OR}, abstract = {Firms face an environment changing at an increasingly rapid pace. Unfortunately, the speed at which organizations can adapt their strategies and competencies to exploit such opportunities remains limited. In this paper we weave together an external perspective on market-facing with an internal perspective on competency development and marshalling to describe the organizational activities necessary for firms to cooperate within a virtual organization. We argue that firms can address their individual limitations through a systematic process that we call {\textquotedblleft}competence rallying,{\textquotedblright} with which they can access market opportunities and additional needed competencies. Specifically, we present a local process theory of how one network of firms reliably engineers and delivers manufacturing projects using an inter-organizational process that works to meet short-term market opportunities. Our theory is grounded in the experiences of the Virtuelle Fabrik project, an organized network for regional cooperation in the manufacturing industry around the Bodensee in Europe. The success of manufacturing projects in a virtual organization is predicated on specific organizational activities in four phases of the competence rallying process: 1) identification and development of competencies, 2) identification and facing of market opportunities, 3) marshalling of competencies, and 4) a short-term cooperative effort. The Virtuelle Fabrik project was started by the Institute for Technology Management, University of St. Gallen. Financial support was provided by The Swiss Commission for Scientific Research (KwF) and the Virtuelle Fabrik partner companies. The Virtuelle Fabrik project team included G{\"u}nter Schuh, Bernhard Katzy, Kai Millarg, Thomas Zehnder, Stefan Eisen, and {\r A}sa G{\"o}ransson, as well as managers from the partner firms. The authors thank all of the participants in the Virtuelle Fabrik for their contributions and in particular, for the many discussions that led to the concepts discussed in this paper. The authors take sole responsibility for the work presented here. This paper has benefited greatly from discussion with Paul van Fenema, Steven Sawyer, Ping Zhang, Robert Heckman, Barbara Kwasnik, and Gisela von Dran. }, keywords = {Virtual Organization}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_7}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/070227\%20vf\%20for\%20ifip.pdf}, author = {Bernhard Katzy and Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Kevin Crowston and Seiber, Sandra} } @proceedings {Kwasnik:2006, title = {Challenges in creating a taxonomy for genres of digital documents}, year = {2006}, address = {Vienna, Austria}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ISKO06abstract.pdf}, author = {Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Chun, You-Lee and Kevin Crowston and D{\textquoteright}Ignazio, J. and Rubleske, Joe} } @conference {Rubleske:2005, title = {Can Genre Metadata Improve Information Retrieval?}, booktitle = {Connections: The 10th Annual Great Lakes Information Science Conference}, year = {2005}, address = {McGill University, Montreal, Quebec}, author = {Rubleske, Joe and Kevin Crowston and Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H.} } @article {Kwasnik:2005, title = {Introduction to the special issue: Genres of digital documents}, journal = {Information, Technology \& People}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {76{\textendash}88}, abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} To introduce the special issue on {\textquotedblleft}Genres of digital documents.{\textquotedblright} While there are many definitions of genre, most include consideration of the intended communicative purpose, form and sometimes expected content of a document. Most also include the notion of social acceptance, that a document is of a particular genre to the extent that it is recognized as such within a given discourse community. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The article reviews the notion of document genre and its applicability to studies of digital documents and introduces the four articles in the special issue. Findings {\textendash} Genre can be studied based on intrinsic genre attributes or on the extrinsic function that genre fulfills in human activities. Studies on intrinsic attributes include classifications of genres as clusters of attributes, though these classifications can be problematic because documents can be used in flexible ways. Also, new information technologies have enabled the appearance of novel genres. Studies on extrinsic function include ways to use genre for education or information accesses, as well as the use of genre as a lens for understanding communications in organizations. The four articles in the special issue illustrate these approaches. Originality/value {\textendash} The paper provides a framework that organizes the range of research about genres of digital documents that should be helpful to those reading this research or planning their own studies.}, doi = {10.1108/09593840510601487}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/itp2005genreintro.pdf}, author = {Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {Kwasnik:2004, title = {A framework for creating a facetted classification for genres: Addressing issues of multidimensionality}, year = {2004}, address = {Big Island, Hawai{\textquoteright}i, January}, abstract = {People recognize and use document genres as a way of identifying useful information and of participating in mutually understood communicative acts. Crowston and Kwasnik [1] discuss the possibility of improving information access in large digital collections through the identification and use of document genre metadata. They draw on the definition of genre proposed by Orlikowski and Yates [3], who describe genre as {\textquotedblleft}a distinctive type of communicative action, characterized by a socially recognized communicative purpose and common aspects of form{\textquotedblright} (p. 543). Scholars in fields such as rhetoric and library science have attempted to describe and systematize the notion of genre, and have offered many different definitions of genre. We like Orlikowski and Yates{\textquoteright}s definition because it takes into account all three aspects of genre that we recognize as fundamental: content, form, and purpose. A document{\textquoteright}s genre is a subtle and complex concept in which the content and form of a document are fused with its purpose or function. As such, a document{\textquoteright}s genre cannot be separated from the context in which it is used; the same document may be construed as being of a different genre depending on how it is invoked in a given situation. Starting from the document, a letter may be a personal communication, or a piece of evidence in a court of law, or an agreement, or even a work of art. Starting from the situation, we note that differences in an information situation are often reflected in the kind of document that is considered helpful (e.g., a problem set vs. a lesson plan vs. a tutorial about mathematics, for instance). Thus, we see genre as a multidimensional phenomenon, which takes into account not only the attributes of the document itself, but also of its role in human endeavor. In this paper, we discuss some considerations in developing a facetted classification for genres to address the problem of multi-dimensionality.}, doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2004.1265268}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/205640100a.pdf}, author = {Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Kevin Crowston} } @article {Crowston:2003d, title = {Can document-genre metadata improve information access to large digital collections?}, journal = {Library Trends}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {345{\textendash}361}, abstract = {We discuss the issues of resolving the information-retrieval problem in large digital collections through the identification and use of document genres. Explicit identification of genre seems particularly important for such collections because any search usually retrieves documents with a diversity of genres that are undifferentiated by obvious clues as to their identity. Also, because most genres are characterized by both form and purpose, identifying the genre of a document provides information as to the document{\textquoteright}s purpose and its fit to the user{\textquoteright}s situation, which can be otherwise difficult to assess. We begin by outlining the possible role of genre identification in the information-retrieval process. Our assumption is that genre identification would enhance searching, first because we know that topic alone is not enough to define an information problem and, second, because search results containing genre information would be more easily understandable. Next, we discuss how information professionals have traditionally tackled the issues of representing genre in settings where topical representation is the norm. Finally, we address the issues of studying the efficacy of identifying genre in large digital collections. Because genre is often an implicit notion, studying it in a systematic way presents many problems. We outline a research protocol that would provide guidance for identifying Web document genres, for observing how genre is used in searching and evaluating search results, and finally for representing and visualizing genres.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/libtrends03_0.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H.} } @proceedings {Roussinov:2001a, title = {Genre based navigation on the Web}, year = {2001}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Maui, HI, January}, abstract = {We report on our ongoing study of using the genre of Web pages to facilitate information exploration. By genre, we mean socially recognized regularities of form and purpose in documents (e.g., a letter, a memo, a research paper). Our study had three phases. First, through a user study, we identified genres which most/least frequently meet searchers{\textquoteright} information needs. We found that certain genres are better suited for certain types of needs. We identified five (5) major groups of document genres that might be used in an interactive search tool that would allow genrebased navigation. We tried to balance the following dual objectives: 1) each group should be recognizable by a computer algorithm as easily as possible 2) each group has a better chance of satisfying particular types of information needs. Finally, we developed a novel user interface for a web searching that allows genre-based navigation through three major functionalities: 1) limiting search to specified genres 2) visualizing the hierarchy of genres discovered in the search results and 3) accepting user feedback on the relevancy of the specified genres.}, isbn = {0-7695-0981-9 }, doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2001.926478}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/09814013.pdf}, author = {Roussinov, Dmitri and Kevin Crowston and Nilan, Michael and Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Xiaozhong Liu and Cai, J.} } @article {Kwasnik:2000, title = {Identifying document genre to improve web search effectiveness}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {23{\textendash}26}, issn = {0095-4403}, doi = {10.1002/bult.194}, url = {http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Dec-01/kwasnikartic.html}, author = {Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Kevin Crowston and Nilan, Michael and Roussinov, Dmitri} } @article {Malone:1999, title = {Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes}, journal = {Management Science}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, note = {Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Crowston, K. \& Herman, G. (Eds.) Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Laubacher, R. \& Scott Morton, M. S. (Eds.). Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.}, pages = {425{\textendash}443}, abstract = {This paper describes a novel theoretical and empirical approach to tasks such as business process redesign and knowledge management. The project involves collecting examples of how different organizations perform similar processes, and organizing these examples in an on-line "process handbook." The handbook is intended to help people: (1) redesign existing organizational processes, (2) invent new organizational processes (especially ones that take advantage of information technology), and (3) share ideas about organizational practices. A key element of the work is an approach to analyzing processes at various levels of abstraction, thus capturing both the details of specific processes as well as the "deep structure" of their similarities. This approach uses ideas from computer science about inheritance and from coordination theory about managing dependencies. A primary advantage of the approach is that it allows people to explicitly represent the similarities (and differences) among related processes and to easily find or generate sensible alternatives for how a given process could be performed. In addition to describing this new approach, the work reported here demonstrates the basic technical feasibility of these ideas and gives one example of their use in a field study.}, keywords = {Coordination, Handbook, Process}, doi = {10.1287/mnsc.45.3.425}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ms99.pdf}, author = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Lee, Jintae and Pentland, Brian and Dellarocas, Chrysanthos and Wyner, George and Quimby, John and Osborn, Charley and Bernstein, Avi and Herman, George and Klein, Mark and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Elissa} } @inbook {Crowston:1998b, title = {Communicative style and gender differences in computer-mediated communications}, booktitle = {Cyberghetto or Cybertopia: Race, Class and Gender on the Internet}, year = {1998}, pages = {185{\textendash}204}, publisher = {Praeger}, organization = {Praeger}, abstract = {This chapter reports on an experiment that explored how gender interacts with communicative style to affect decisions to participate in computer-mediated communications (e.g., Usenet newsgroups). Although some field studies indicate that style has a differential effect on men and women, the data fails to confirm this hypothesis. However, significant differences were found in interest in topics, as well as effects of style across all subjects, which have implications for the design of future studies on this topic.}, keywords = {Computer-Mediated Communication}, isbn = {9780275959937}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/book\%20chapter.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Kammerer, Ericka}, editor = {Ebo, Bosah} } @article {Crowston:1998a, title = {Coordination and collective mind in software requirements development}, journal = {IBM Systems Journal}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {227{\textendash}245}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to understand how the group processes of teams of software requirements analysts led to problems and to suggest possible solutions. Requirements definition is important to establish the framework for a development project. Researchers have proposed numerous requirements development techniques, but less has been done on managing teams of requirements analysts. To learn more about group processes within such teams, we studied two teams of analysts developing requirements for large, complex real-time systems. These teams had problems ensuring that requirements documents were complete, consistent, and correct; fixing those problems required additional time and effort. To identify sources of problems, we applied two theories of collective action, coordination theory and collective mind theory. Coordination theory suggests that a key problem in requirement analysis is identifying and managing dependencies between requirements and among tasks. Most requirements methods and tools reflect this perspective, focusing on better representation and communication of requirements. The collective mind perspective complements these suggestions by explaining how individuals come to understand how their work contributes to the work of the group. This perspective suggests that deficiencies in actors{\textquoteright} representations of the process and subordination to collective goals limit the value of their contributions. }, keywords = {Software Development}, issn = { 0018-8670}, doi = {10.1147/sj.372.0227}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ibmsj98.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Kammerer, Ericka} } @book {, title = {Virtual Operations and Agile Organizations: workshop proceedings }, year = {1997}, note = {European Agility Forum, August 21-22 1997}, publisher = {ASLIB}, organization = {ASLIB}, address = {Rotterdam, The Netherlands }, keywords = {Virtual Organization}, editor = {Bernhard Katzy and Kevin Crowston and Kumar, Kuldeep and van Fenema, P.} } @proceedings {1986, title = {Cognitive science and organizational design}, year = {1986}, pages = {43-61}, publisher = {ACM Press}, address = {Austin, Texas}, abstract = {Many researchers have investigated and speculated about the link between information technology and organizational structure with very mixed results. This paper suggests that part of the reason for these mixed results is the coarseness of previous analyses of both technology and structure. The paper describes a new and much more detailed perspective for investigating this link. Using concepts of object-oriented programming from artificial intelligence, the information processing that occurs in organizations is characterized in terms of the kinds of messages people exchange and the ways they process those messages. The utility of this approach is demonstrated through the analysis of a case in which a reduction in levels of management is coupled with the introduction of a computer conferencing system. The detailed model developed for this case helps explain both macro-level data about thd changes in the organizational structure, and micro-level data about individuals{\textquoteright} use of the system.}, keywords = {Organizational Modelling}, isbn = {1234567890}, doi = {10.1145/637069.637076}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/p43-crowston.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Malone, Thomas W. and Lin, Felix} }