@proceedings {wang2024reelframer, title = {ReelFramer: Human-AI Co-Creation for News-to-Video Translation}, year = {2024}, address = {Honolulu, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}, abstract = {

Short videos on social media are the dominant way young people consume content. News outlets aim to reach audiences through news reels -- short videos conveying news -- but struggle to translate traditional journalistic formats into short, entertaining videos. To translate news into social media reels, we support journalists in reframing the narrative. In literature, narrative framing is a high-level structure that shapes the overall presentation of a story. We identified three narrative framings for reels that adapt social media norms but preserve news value, each with a different balance of information and entertainment. We introduce ReelFramer, a human-AI co-creative system that helps journalists translate print articles into scripts and storyboards. ReelFramer supports exploring multiple narrative framings to find one appropriate to the story. AI suggests foundational narrative details, including characters, plot, setting, and key information. ReelFramer also supports visual framing; AI suggests character and visual detail designs before generating a full storyboard. Our studies show that narrative framing introduces the necessary diversity to translate various articles into reels, and establishing foundational details helps generate scripts that are more relevant and coherent. We also discuss the benefits of using narrative framing and foundational details in content retargeting.

}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.09653}, author = {Sitong Wang and Samia Menon and Tao Long and Keren Henderson and Dingzeyu Li and Kevin Crowston and Mark Hansen and Jeffrey V. Nickerson and Lydia B. Chilton} } @article {wang2023reelframer, title = {Video for ReelFramer: Co-creating News Reels on Social Media with Generative AI}, year = {2023}, type = {Video}, url = {https://youtu.be/WQZcbdp5yJQ}, author = {Sitong Wang and Samia Menon and Tao Long and Keren Henderson and Dingzeyu Li and Kevin Crowston and Mark Hansen and Jeffrey V. Nickerson and Lydia B. Chilton} } @article {9998, title = {Artificial intelligence in information systems: State of the art and research roadmap}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS)}, volume = {50}, year = {2022}, abstract = {

Many would argue that artificial intelligence (AI) is not just a technology but represents a paradigmatic shift in the relationship between humans and machines. Much of the literature assumes that AI-powered practices are substantially different and profoundly changes organizational structures, communication, affordances, and ecosystems. However, research in AI is often fragmented and lacks clarity. While the Information Systems (IS) field can play a pivotal role in the emergence and use of AI, there is a need for a clear direction that specifies how IS can contribute and what are to be the key research themes and questions. This paper draws on a PDW at ICIS 2020 and the discussions that followed. It summarizes and synthesizes five decades of the impact of AI on organizational practices, providing views from various perspectives. It identifies weaknesses in the current AI literature as measured against conceptual clarity, theoretical glue, cumulative tradition, parsimony, and applicability. The paper concludes by identifying direct actions that the IS research community can undertake to address these issues. The final contribution is a next-step research agenda to guide AI research in the coming years.

}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.05017}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Artificial\%20Intelligence\%20in\%20Information\%20Systems\%20State\%20of\%20the\%20Art.pdf}, author = {P{\"a}r J. {\r A}gerfalk and Kieran Conboy and Kevin Crowston and Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa and Jenny Eriksson Lundstr{\"o}m and Patrick Mikalef and Sudha Ram} } @article {soni2021discovering, title = {Discovering features in gravitational-wave data through detector characterization, citizen science and machine learning}, journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, volume = {38}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/ac1ccb}, author = {S Soni and C P L Berry and S B Coughlin and M Harandi and C B Jackson and K Crowston and C {\O}sterlund and O Patane and A K Katsaggelos and L Trouille and V-G Baranowski and W F Domainko and K Kaminski and M A Lobato Rodriguez and U Marciniak and P Nauta and G Niklasch and R R Rote and B T{\'e}gl{\'a}s and C Unsworth and C Zhang} } @article {2021, title = {Imagine All the People: Citizen Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Computational Research}, year = {2021}, institution = {Computing Community Consortium (CCC)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning have advanced significantly over the past decade. Nonetheless, humans possess unique abilities such as creativity, intuition, context and abstraction, analytic problem solving, and detecting unusual events. To successfully tackle pressing scientific and societal challenges, we need the complementary capabilities of both humans and machines. The Federal Government could accelerate its priorities on multiple fronts through judicious integration of citizen science and crowdsourcing with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud strategies.

}, url = {https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/CCC-TransitionPaperImagine-All-the-People.pdf}, author = {Lea A. Shanley and Lucy Fortson and Tanya Berger-Wolf and Kevin Crowston and Pietro Michelucci} } @article {2020, title = {GitLab: Work where you want, when you want}, journal = {Journal of Organizational Design}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {2020/11/16}, pages = {23}, abstract = {

GitLab is a software company that works {\textquotedblleft}all remote{\textquotedblright} at the scale of more than 1000 employees located in more than 60 countries. GitLab has no physical office and its employees can work from anywhere they choose. Any step of the organizational life of a GitLab employee (e.g., hiring, onboarding and firing) is performed remotely, except for a yearly companywide gathering. GitLab strongly relies on asynchronous coordination, allowing employees to work anytime they want. After highlighting some of the main practices implemented by GitLab to effectively work all remotely and asynchronously, I asked renowned organizational scientists their thoughts on this interesting case and to question the generalizability of the all remote asynchronous model. Understanding whether and under what conditions this model can succeed can be of guidance for organizational designers that are now considering different remote models in response of the COVID-19 shock and its aftermath.

}, isbn = {2245-408X}, doi = {10.1186/s41469-020-00087-8}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/s41469-020-00087-8.pdf}, author = {Choudhury, Prithwiraj and Crowston, Kevin and Dahlander, Linus and Minervini, Marco S. and Raghuram, Sumita} } @article {9999, title = {Coordinating Advanced Crowd Work: Extending Citizen Science}, journal = {Citizen Science: Theory and Practice}, volume = {4}, year = {2019}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, abstract = {

Crowdsourcing work with high levels of coupling between tasks poses challenges for coordination. This paper presents a study of two online citizen science projects that involved volunteers in such tasks: not just analyzing bulk data but also interpreting data and writing a paper for publication in one project and identifying new classes of data in the other. However, extending the reach of citizen science adds tasks with more dependencies, which calls for more elaborate coordination mechanisms but the relationship between the project and volunteers limits how work can be coordinated. Contrariwise, a mismatch between dependencies and available coordination mechanisms can be expected to lead to performance problems. The results of the study offer recommendations for design of citizen science projects for advanced tasks.

}, doi = {10.5334/cstp.166}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Quench\%20to\%20share.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Mitchell, Erica Michelle and Carsten {\O}sterlund} } @article {9999, title = {Appealing to different motivations in a message to recruit citizen scientists: results of a field experiment}, journal = {Journal of Science Communication}, volume = {17}, year = {2018}, chapter = {A02}, abstract = {

This study examines the relative efficacy of citizen science recruitment messages appealing to four motivations that were derived from previous research on motives for participation in citizen-science projects. We report on an experiment (N=36,513) that compared the response to email messages designed to appeal to these four motives for participation. We found that the messages appealing to the possibility of contributing to science and learning about science attracted more attention than did one about helping scientists but that one about helping scientists generated more initial contributions. Overall, the message about contributing to science resulted in the largest volume of contributions and joining a community, the lowest. The results should be informative to those managing citizen-science projects.

}, keywords = {Citizen Science}, doi = {10.22323/2.17010202}, url = {https://jcom.sissa.it/archive/17/01/JCOM_1701_2018_A02}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/JCOM_1701_2018_A02.pdf}, author = {Lee, Tae Kyoung and Kevin Crowston and Mahboobeh Harandi and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Grant Miller} } @proceedings {9999, title = {Coordinating advanced crowd work: Extending citizen science}, year = {2018}, edition = {51st}, abstract = {Crowdsourcing work with high levels of coupling between tasks poses challenges for coordination. This paper presents a study of an online citizen science project that involved volunteers in such tasks: not just analyzing bulk data but also interpreting data and writing a paper for publication. However, extending the reach of citizen science adds tasks with more dependencies, which calls for more elaborate coordination mechanisms but the relationship between the project and volunteers limits how work can be coordinated. Contrariwise, a mismatch between dependencies and available coordination mechanisms can be expected to lead to performance problems. The results of the study offer recommendations for design of crowdsourcing of more complex tasks. }, doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2018.212}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10125/50099}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Quench\%20to\%20distribute.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Mitchell, Erica Michelle and Carsten {\O}sterlund} } @inbook {2017, title = {Lessons Learned from a Decade of FLOSS Data Collection}, booktitle = {Big Data Factories}, year = {2017}, pages = {79 - 100}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-59185-8}, issn = {2509-9574}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-59186-5}, url = {http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-59186-5}, author = {Crowston, Kevin and Squire, Megan}, editor = {Matei, Sorin Adam and Jullien, Nicolas and Goggins, Sean P.} } @inbook {9999, title = {Levels of trace data for social and behavioural science research}, booktitle = {Big Data Factories: Collaborative~Approaches}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, organization = {Springer Nature}, abstract = {

The explosion of data available from online systems such as social media is creating a wealth of trace data, that is, data that record evidence of human activity. The volume of data available offers great potential to advance social and behavioural science research. However, the data are of a very different kind than more conventional social and behavioural science data, posing challenges to use. This paper adopts a data framework from Earth Observation science and applies it to trace data to identify possible issues in analyzing trace data. Application of the framework also reveals issues for sharing and reusing data.

}, isbn = {978-3-319-59186-5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-59186-5_4}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/160529\%20levels\%20book\%20chapter_0.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Sorin Matei and Sean Goggins and Nicolas Jullien} } @article {2017, title = {Recruiting messages matter: Message strategies to attract citizen scientists}, year = {2017}, type = {Poster}, address = {Portland, OR}, abstract = {Although participation of citizen scientists is critical for a success of citizen science projects (a distinctive form of crowdsourcing), little attention has been paid to what types of messages can effectively recruit citizen scientists. Derived from previous studies on citizen scientists{\textquoteright} motivations, we created and sent participants one of four recruiting messages for a new project, Gravity Spy, appealing to different motivations (i.e., learning about science, social proof, contribution to science, and altruism). Counter to earlier studies on motivation, our results showed that messages appealing to learning, contribution and social proof were more effective than a message appealing to altruism. We discuss the inconsistency between the present and prior study results and plans for future work.}, doi = {10.1145/3022198.3026335}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/cpa143-leeA.pdf}, author = {Lee, Tae Kyoung and Kevin Crowston and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Grant Miller} } @article {642, title = {Encouraging Work in Citizen Science: Experiments in Goal Setting and Anchoring}, year = {2016}, abstract = {This paper describes the results of an online field experiment where we designed and analyzed the effects of a goal-setting tracker in an online citizen science project - Floating Forest. The design of our tracker was influenced by psychology theories of anchoring and goal-setting. Our results of our experiment revealed: (1) setting goals increases annotations in a session; (2) numeric anchors influence goals; and (3) participants in the treatment who saw a prompt but did not set a goal, contributed more annotations than the participants in the control group. Our research shows how goal-setting and anchoring combine to increase work in online communities.}, doi = {10.1145/2818052.2869129}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CSCW-abstract.pdf}, author = {Corey Brian Jackson and Kevin Crowston and Gabriel Mugar and Carsten {\O}sterlund} } @proceedings {9999, title = {{\textquotedblleft}Guess what! You{\textquoteright}re the first to see this event{\textquotedblright}: Increasing Contribution to Online Production Communities}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

In this paper, we describe the results of an online field experiment examining the impacts of messaging about task novelty on the volume of volunteers{\textquoteright} contributions to an online citizen science project. Encouraging volunteers to provide a little more content as they work is an attractive strategy to increase the community{\textquoteright}s output. Prior research found that an important motivation for participation in online citizen science is the wonder of being the first person to observe a particular image. To appeal to this motivation, a pop-up message was added to an online citizen science project that alerted volunteers when they were the first to annotate a particular image. Our analysis reveals that new volunteers who saw these messages increased the volume of annotations they contributed. The results of our study suggest an additional strategy to increase the amount of work volunteers contribute to online communities and citizen science projects specifically.

}, doi = {10.1145/2957276.2957284}, author = {Corey Brian Jackson and Kevin Crowston and Gabriel Mugar and Carsten {\O}sterlund} } @proceedings {2016, title = {Which Way Did They Go? Newcomer Movement through the Zooniverse}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, abstract = {

Research on newcomer roles in peer production sites (e.g., Wikipedia) is characterized by a broad and relatively well-articulated set of functionally and culturally recognizable roles. But not all communities come with well-defined roles that newcomers can aspire to occupy. The present study explores activity clusters newcomers create when faced with few recognizable roles to fill and limited access to other participants{\textquoteright} work that serves as an exemplar. Drawing on a mixed method research design, we present findings from an analysis of 1,687 newcomers{\textquoteright} sessions in a citizen science project. Combining session- and individual-level analysis produced three findings (1) newcomers activities manifest a diverse range of session types; (2) Newcomers toggle between light work sessions and more involved types of production or community engagement; (3) an interesting relationship between high-level contributors who do a lot of work but little talk and a small group that does a lot of talk but less work. The former group draws heavily on posts contributed by the latter group. Identifying shifts and regularities in contribution facilitate improved mechanisms for engaging participants and the design of online citizen science communities.

}, doi = {10.1145/2818048.2835197}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CSCW2016-Roles.pdf}, author = {Corey Brian Jackson and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Maidel, Veronica and Kevin Crowston and Gabriel Mugar} } @proceedings {2015, title = {Being Present in Online Communities: Learning in Citizen Science}, year = {2015}, address = {Limerick, Ireland}, abstract = {

How online community members learn to become valuable contributors constitutes a long-standing concern of Community \& Technology researchers. The literature tends to highlight participants{\textquoteright} access to practice, feedback from experienced members, and relationship building. However, not all crowdsourcing environments offer participants opportunities for access, feedback, and relationship building (e.g., Citizen Science). We study how volunteers learn to participate in a citizen science project, Planet Hunters, through participant observation, interviews, and trace ethnography. Drawing on S{\o}rensen{\textquoteright}s sociomaterial theories of presence, we extend the notion of situated learning to include several modes of learning. The empirical findings suggest that volunteers in citizen science engage more than one form of access to practice, feedback, and relationship building. Communal relations characterize only one form of learning. Equally important to their learning are authority{\textendash}subject and agent-centered forms of access, feedback, and relationship building.

}, doi = {10.1145/2768545.2768555}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/C\%26T_2015_FINAL.pdf}, author = {Gabriel Mugar and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Corey Jackson and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {2015, title = {Motivations for sustained participation in crowdsourcing: The role of talk in a citizen science case study}, year = {2015}, month = {1/2015}, address = {Koloa, HI}, abstract = {

The paper explores the motivations of volunteers in a large crowd sourcing project and contributes to our understanding of the motivational factors that lead to deeper engagement beyond initial participation. Drawing on the theory of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) and the literature on motivation in crowd sourcing, we analyze interview and trace data from a large citizen science project. The analyses identify ways in which the technical features of the projects may serve as motivational factors leading participants towards sustained participation. The results suggest volunteers first engage in activities to support knowledge acquisition and later share knowledge with other volunteers and finally increase participation in Talk through a punctuated process of role discovery.

}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Motivation\%20in\%20Talk\%20Submitted_FINAL\%28Formatted\%29.pdf}, author = {Corey Brian Jackson and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Gabriel Mugar and Kevin Crowston and Katie DeVries Hassman} } @conference {2014, title = {Design of an Active Learning System with Human Correction for Content Analysis}, booktitle = {Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces, 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {Our research investigation focuses on the role of humans in supplying corrected examples in active learning cycles, an important aspect of deploying active learning in practice. In this paper, we discuss sampling strategies and sampling sizes in setting up an active learning system for human experiments in the task of content analysis, which involves labeling concepts in large volumes of text. The cost of conducting comprehensive human subject studies to experimentally determine the effects of sampling sizes and sampling sizes is high. To reduce those costs, we first applied an active learning simulation approach to test the effect of different sampling strategies and sampling sizes on machine learning (ML) performance in order to select a smaller set of parameters to be evaluated in human subject studies.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ILLWorkshop.ACLFormat.04.28.14.final_.pdf}, author = {Jasy Liew Suet Yan and McCracken, Nancy and Kevin Crowston} } @article {2014, title = {Editorial: The role of information systems in enabling open innovation}, journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems }, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, month = {11/2014}, chapter = {Article 4}, doi = {10.17705/1jais.00381}, url = {http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1692\&context=jais}, author = {Eoin Whelan and Kieran Conboy and Kevin Crowston and Lorraine Morgan and Matti Rossi} } @conference {2014, title = {Optimizing Features in Active Machine Learning for Complex Qualitative Content Analysis}, booktitle = {Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social Science, 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics }, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, abstract = {We propose a semi-automatic approach for content analysis that leverages machine learning (ML) being initially trained on a small set of hand-coded data to perform a first pass in coding, and then have human annotators correct machine annotations in order to produce more examples to retrain the existing model incrementally for better performance. In this {\textquotedblleft}active learning{\textquotedblright} approach, it is equally important to optimize the creation of the initial ML model given less training data so that the model is able to capture most if not all positive examples, and filter out as many negative examples as possible for human annotators to correct. This paper reports our attempt to optimize the initial ML model through feature exploration in a complex content analysis project that uses a multidimensional coding scheme, and contains codes with sparse positive examples. While different codes respond optimally to different combinations of features, we show that it is possible to create an optimal initial ML model using only a single combination of features for codes with at least 100 positive examples in the gold standard corpus.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/9_Paper.pdf}, author = {Jasy Liew Suet Yan and McCracken, Nancy and Shichun Zhou and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {9999, title = {Planet Hunters and Seafloor Explorers: Legitimate Peripheral Participation Through Practice Proxies in Online Citizen Science}, year = {2014}, month = {2/2014}, abstract = {

Making the traces of user participation in primary activities visible in online crowdsourced initiatives has been shown to help new users understand the norms of participation but participants do not always have access to others{\textquoteright} work. Through a combination of virtual and trace ethnography we explore how new users in two online citizen science projects engage other traces of activity as a way of compensating. Merging the theory of legitimate peripheral participation with Erickson and Kellogg{\textquoteright}s theory of social translucence we introduce the concept of practice proxies; traces of user activities in online environment that act as resources to orient newcomers towards the norms of practice. Our findings suggest that newcomers seek out practice proxies in the social features of the projects that highlight contextualized and specific characteristics of primary work practice.

}, doi = {10.1145/2531602.2531721}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/paper_revised\%20copy\%20to\%20post.pdf}, author = {Gabriel Mugar and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Katie DeVries Hassman and Kevin Crowston and Corey Brian Jackson} } @conference {2014, title = {Semi-Automatic Content Analysis of Qualitative Data}, booktitle = {iConference}, year = {2014}, month = {03/2014}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/iConference_Poster_Published.pdf}, author = {Jasy Liew Suet Yan and McCracken, Nancy and Kevin Crowston} } @conference {2013, title = {Forgotten island: A story-driven citizen science adventure}, booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = {2013}, month = {4/2013}, pages = {2643{\textendash}2646}, publisher = {ACM Press}, organization = {ACM Press}, address = {Paris, France}, abstract = {

Forgotten Island, a citizen science video game, is part of an NSF-funded design science research project, Citizen Sort. It is a mechanism to help life scientists classify photographs of living things and a research tool to help HCI and information science scholars explore storytelling, engagement, and the quality of citizenproduced data in the context of citizen science.

}, isbn = {9781450319522}, doi = {10.1145/2468356.2479484}, url = {http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/2480000/2479484/p2643-prestopnik.pdf}, author = {Nathan Prestopnik and Souid, Dania} } @unpublished {2012, title = {Poster: Socially intelligent computing for coding of qualitative data}, year = {2012}, month = {6/2012}, publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies}, type = {Unpublished poster, presented at the SOCS PIs meeting}, address = {Syracuse, NY}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/SOCQA\%20SOCS\%20PI\%20poster\%20small.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and McCracken, Nancy} } @conference {2012, title = {Team dynamics in long-standing technology-supported virtual teams}, booktitle = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Organizational Behaviour Division}, year = {2012}, month = {8/2012}, address = {Boston, MA}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ACADEMY\%20PAPER\%20FINAL.pdf}, author = {Misiolek, Nora and Kevin Crowston and Joshua Seymour} } @article {9999, title = {Leadership in self-managing virtual teams}, year = {2010}, month = {12/2010}, publisher = {Syracuse University School of Information Studies}, abstract = {In this paper, we present a theory of leadership in self-managing virtual teams. We are particularly interested in self-managing virtual teams because self-management seems to be a common phenomenon in teams that interact primarily through information technology (so-called virtual teams). Building on leadership theory and structuration theory, the theory describes leadership as a process that results in the reinforcement, creation and evolution of ongoing structures and distinguishes between two types of leadership. We identify first-order leadership as leadership that works within and reinforces existing structures to elicit and guide group contributions. We define second-order leadership as behavior that effects changes in the structure that guides group action. We argue that second-order leadership is enabled by first-order leadership, is therefore action embedded, and is grounded in processes that define the social identity of the team. We propose that effective self-managing virtual teams will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed first-order leadership complemented by strong, concentrated, and centralized second-order leadership. We conclude by presenting a set of research questions and suggestions for future research.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/JOB\%20REVISED\%20to\%20distribute.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and Misiolek, Nora} } @inbook {2010, title = {Problems in the use-centered development of a taxonomy of web genres}, booktitle = {Genres on the Web: Computational Models and Empirical Studies}, series = {Series: Text, Speech and Language Technology (Series Editors: Ide, Nancy \& V{\'e}ronis, Jean)}, volume = {42}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, chapter = {3}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-90-481-9177-2}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9178-9}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/081024\%20book\%20chapter\%20as\%20submitted.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Rubleske, Joe}, editor = {Mehler, Alexander and Sharoff, Serge and Santini, Marina} } @booklet {2009, title = {ICIS 2008 Panel Report: Open Access Publishing to Nurture the Sprouts of Knowledge and the Future of Information Systems Research}, howpublished = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {24}, year = {2009}, abstract = {

The advent of the Internet and the subsequent adoption of Open Access schemata are changing the nature of the scholarly discourse. In response, we seek to stimulate a debate about the role and desired forms of Open Access publishing in the context of the Information System (IS) discipline. We explore the potential contribution of an Open Access perspective on publishing IS-related research and also discuss the roles of traditional journals and their prospects in the contexts of our observations. In particular, we focus on the new possibilities of publishing work-in-progress and its potential benefit for knowledge dissemination including the prospects of turning today{\textquoteright}s limited scholarly exchange into mass collaboration. We illustrate our vision with a working prototype of an Open Access disciplinary repository entitled Sprouts (http://sprouts.aisnet.org). Our aim is to inspire new thinking about the role of Open Access publishing, the potential of its application to disciplinary repositories of emergent work, its anticipated repercussions on our work practices, and its long-term implication for the impact of IS scholarship and the well-being of our community at large. We call for participation and further action in realizing a global repository of IS research in progress. This paper builds on a panel on Open Access that was presented at the 2008 International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), held in Paris, France, in December 2008.

}, keywords = {Information System}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.02430}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ICIS\%20Panel\%20Open\%20Access\%20Publishing.pdf}, author = {Avital, Michel and Bj{\"o}rk, Bo-Christer and Boland, Richard J and Kevin Crowston and Lyytinen, Kalle and Majchrzak, Ann} } @inbook {Crowston:2008b, title = {The bug fixing process in proprietary and free/libre open source software: A coordination theory analysis}, booktitle = {Business Process Transformation}, year = {2008}, pages = {69-99}, publisher = {M. E. Sharpe}, organization = {M. E. Sharpe}, address = {Armonk, NY}, abstract = {To support business process transformation, we must first be able to represent business processes in a way that allows us to compare and contrast them or to design new ones. In this paper, I use coordination theory to analyze the bug fixing processes in the proprietary operating system development group of a large mini-computer manufacturer and for the Free/Libre Open Source Software Linux operating system kernel. Three approaches to identifying dependencies and coordination mechanisms are presented. Mechanisms analyzed include those for task assignment, resource sharing and managing dependencies between modules of source code. The proprietary development organization assigned problem reports to engineers based on the module that appeared to be in error, since engineers only worked on particular modules. Alternative task assignment mechanisms include assignment to engineers based on workload or voluntary assignment, as in Linux. In the proprietary process, modules of source code were not shared, but rather {\textquotedblleft}owned{\textquotedblright} by one engineer, thus reducing the need for coordination. In Linux, where multiple developers can work on the same modules, alternative resource sharing mechanisms have been developed to manage source code. Finally, the proprietary developers managed dependencies between modules informally, relying on their personal knowledge of which other engineers used their code. The Linux process allows developers to change code in multiple modules, but emphasizes modularity to reduce the need to do so.}, keywords = {Coordination, FLOSS}, isbn = {9780765611918}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/The\%20bug\%20fixing\%20process\%20in\%20proprietary\%20.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Grover, Varun and Markus, M. Lynne} } @article {2007, title = {Emergent leadership in self-organizing virtual teams (Poster)}, year = {2007}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Qu{\'e}bec, Canada, 9{\textendash}12 Dec}, keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/20081204\%20ICIS\%20Poster_v.5.1.pdf}, author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora and Eseryel, U. Yeliz} } @article {2007, title = {Investigating the Dynamics of FLOSS Development Teams (Poster)}, year = {2007}, note = {SD 2007 poster - Full Adobe PDF 2007 HSD PI{\textquoteright}s conference poster reporting on the grant project work to date in a full Adobe PDF file. HSD 2007 poster - Small PDF HSD 2007 conference grant progress reporting poster in a smaller PDF file. }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.ai_.pdf , https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.pdf}, author = {Li, Na and Li, Qing and Kangning Wei and Heckman, Robert and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Liddy, Elizabeth D. and James Howison and Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Scialdone, Michael J. and Inoue, Keisuke and Harwell, Sarah and Rowe, Steven and McCracken, Nancy and Wiggins, Andrea} } @article {Crowston:2007, title = {The role of face-to-face meetings in technology-supported self-organizing distributed teams}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {185{\textendash}203}, abstract = {We examine the role of face-to-face meetings in the context of technology-supported self-organizing distributed or virtual teams, specifically Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Based on a qualitative inductive analysis of data from interviews and observations at FLOSS conferences, we identify a variety of settings in which developers meet face-to-face, activities performed in these settings and benefits obtained. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, FLOSS developers generally do not meet face-to-face until the project is well under way. An additional benefit of face-to-face meetings is time away from a regular job and speed of interaction for certain kinds of tasks.}, keywords = {FLOSS}, doi = {10.1109/TPC.2007.902654}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/070122.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and James Howison and Masango, Chengetai and Eseryel, U. Yeliz} } @proceedings {Heckman:2007a, title = {A structurational perspective on leadership in virtual teams}, year = {2007}, pages = {151{\textendash}168}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Portland, OR}, abstract = {Building on behavioural leadership theory and structuration theory, we present a two-order theory of leadership. It describes four classes of first-order leadership behaviours (task coordination, substantive task contribution, group maintenance and boundary spanning) and defines second-order leadership as behaviour that influences changes in the structure that guides group action. We argue that second-order leadership is enabled by first-order leadership and is therefore action embedded and grounded in processes that define the social identity of the group. We propose that effective virtual teams will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed first-order leadership complemented by strong, concentrated, and centralized second-order leadership. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.}, keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_12}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/AStructurationalPerspectiveOnLeadership.pdf}, author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora}, editor = {Kevin Crowston and Seiber, Sandra} } @article {Massad:2006, title = {Customer satisfaction with electronic service encounters}, journal = {International Journal of Electronic Commerce}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {73{\textendash}104}, abstract = {Customer relationship management is an integral component of business strategy for on-line service providers. This paper investigates the aspects of on-line transactions in electronic retailing that are most likely to satisfy or dissatisfy customers, thereby increasing or decreasing the likelihood of building and maintaining relationships with them. For this study, 513 respondents reported behaviors, perceptions, beliefs, events, features, characteristics, attributes, and situations that expressed their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with electronic service encounters. Content analysis of these encounters yielded three meta-categories, six categories, and 33 subcategories of customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with on-line service providers. The findings suggested that three major categories are robust even in the electronic context of the Internet. The antecedents identified were relevant both to product-related services (e.g., books, apparel) and to pure services (e.g., on-line banking, on-line stock trading). The study found that the characteristics and behaviors of customer-contact employees play an important role in on-line service encounters. It also revealed a percentage decrease in satisfactory incidents, a percentage increase in unsatisfactory incidents, and a percentage increase in unsatisfactory incidents involving employee characteristics and behaviors as service encounters move from a bricks-and-mortar environment to an electronic context. This suggests that customer-contact employees may not be well equipped to deal with on-line customers.}, doi = {10.2753/JEC1086-4415100403}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ijec2006.pdf}, author = {Massad, Nelson and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston} } @article {2006, title = {Investigating the Dynamics of FLOSS Development Teams (Poster)}, year = {2006}, note = {Poster describing the current state of the project for the HSD Principal Investigators{\textquoteright} conference, 14-15 September 2006, Washington DC.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/hsd2006poster.pdf}, author = {Li, Qing and Kangning Wei and Heckman, Robert and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Liddy, Elizabeth D. and James Howison and Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Inoue, Keisuke and Harwell, Sarah and Rowe, Steven and McCracken, Nancy} } @proceedings {Crowston:2005e, title = {Effective work practices for FLOSS development: A model and propositions}, year = {2005}, note = {"Effective work practices for Software Engineering: Free/Libre Open Source Software Development". Presentation at the Workshop on Interdisciplinary Software Engineering 2004, SIGSOFT 2004/FSE-12 Conference, Newport Beach, CA, 5 November. Powerpoint file.}, address = {Big Island, Hawai{\textquoteright}i, January}, abstract = {We review the literature on Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and on software development, distributed work and teams more generally to develop a theoretical model to explain the performance of FLOSS teams. The proposed model is based on Hackman{\textquoteright}s [1] model of effectiveness of work teams, with coordination theory [2] and collective mind [3] to extend Hackman{\textquoteright}s model by elaborating team practices relevant to effectiveness in software development. We propose a set of propositions to guide further research.}, doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2005.222}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/22680197a.pdf , https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/041101\%20Wiser\%20Presentation.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Annabi, Hala and James Howison and Masango, Chengetai} } @conference {Crowston:2005b, title = {Face-to-face interactions in self-organizing distributed teams}, booktitle = {Academy of Management Conference}, year = {2005}, address = {Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {We explore the role of face-to-face meetings in the life of distributed teams using data from Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Such distributed teams are part of many organizations{\textquoteright} new vision of management in the 21st century. Practitioner research has suggested the need for face-to-face meetings when a team is formed, but few studies have considered the role of face-to-face meetings during a team{\textquoteright}s life. Based on a qualitative inductive analysis of data from interviews and observations at FLOSS conferences, we identify a variety of settings in which FLOSS developers meet face-to-face, activities performed in these settings and benefits obtained. Contrary to prior research, we find that FLOSS developers generally do not meet until the project is well under way. We also find that an additional benefit of face-to-face meetings is time away from a regular job. We conclude by noting limitations in our data collection due to a focus on core developers in large projects and with directions for further research.}, keywords = {FLOSS}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/FaceToFace\%20Interactions.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and James Howison and Masango, Chengetai and Eseryel, U. Yeliz} } @proceedings {Crowston:2005a, title = {A structurational perspective on leadership in Free/Libre Open Source Software teams}, year = {2005}, address = {Genova, Italy}, abstract = {In this conceptual paper, we present a structuration-based theory of leadership behaviours in self-organizing virtual distributed teams such as Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. Such teams are often composed of members of relatively equal status or who are so disparate in background that formal organizational status seems irrelevant, reducing the usual leadership cues provided by organizational status and title. Building on a functional view of leadership and structuration theory, we suggest that leaders are individuals who develop team structures that then guide the actions of team members. Specifically, we examine structures of signification in the form of shared mental models, structures of domination in the form of role structures and structures of legitimation in form of rules and norms. The main contribution of our paper is the integration of various social theories to describe emergent leadership behaviours in distributed teams. We develop a set of propositions and illustrate with examples taken from Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.}, keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/crowston-final.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and Annabi, Hala and Masango, Chengetai} } @conference {2004, title = {Effective work practices for software engineering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Interdisciplinary software engineering research (WISER {\textquoteright}04)}, year = {2004}, pages = {18}, publisher = {ACM Press}, organization = {ACM Press}, address = {Newport Beach, CA, USA}, abstract = {We review the literature on Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and on software development, distributed work and teams more generally to develop a theoretical model to explain the performance of FLOSS teams. The proposed model is based on Hackman{\textquoteright}s [34] model of effectiveness of work teams, with coordination theory [52] and collective mind [79] to extend Hackman{\textquoteright}s model by elaborating team practices relevant to effectiveness in software development. We propose a set of propositions to guide further research.}, keywords = {FLOSS}, isbn = {1581139888}, doi = {10.1145/1029997.1030003}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/p18-crowston.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Annabi, Hala and James Howison and Masango, Chengetai} } @article {Crowston:2004a, title = {Information technology and the transformation of industries: Three research perspectives}, journal = {Journal of Strategic Information Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {2004}, pages = {5{\textendash}28}, abstract = {It is often claimed that information technology has the potential to transform entire industries. However, we find that very little IS research has been conducted at the industry level. Moreover, the small amount of research that has been conducted on IT and industries has been based largely on just one perspective of industries. Given the scale and potential impact of the changes that are happening at an industry level, we believe a concerted effort is needed to study this phenomenon. We propose a research agenda for studying IT and industries. We suggest three research perspectives for studying IT and industries: an economic perspective, an institutional perspective, and a socio-cultural perspective. Just as IS research that addresses these aspects at the organizational level has grown in recent years and contributed to our understanding of IS, so in this paper we argue that a similar broadening, as well as more studies, are needed at the industry level of analysis. Weprovide an example from the real estate industry to illustrate the usefulness of the three research perspectives.}, keywords = {Information Technology, Real Estate}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsis.2004.02.001}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/JoSIS_2004.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Myers, Michael D.} } @conference {Crowston:2004c, title = {Towards a portfolio of FLOSS project success measures}, booktitle = {Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering, 26th International Conference on Software Engineering}, year = {2004}, address = {Edinburgh}, abstract = {Project success is one of the most widely used dependent variables in information systems research. However, conventional measures of project success are difficult to apply to Free/Libre Open Source Software projects. In this paper, we present an analysis of four measures of success applied to SourceForge projects: number of members of the extended development community, project activity, bug fixing time and number of downloads. We argue that these four measures provide different insights into the collaboration and control mechanisms of the projects.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Towards_a_Portfolio_\%20of\%20_FLOSS_Project.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Annabi, Hala and James Howison and Masango, Chengetai} } @article {Myers:2004, title = {Will real estate agents survive? The transformation of the real estate industry by information technology}, journal = {University of Auckland Business Review}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {1-13}, keywords = {Real Estate}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/v6i1-myers-crowston.pdf}, author = {Myers, Michael D. and Kevin Crowston} } @book {Malone:2003a, title = {Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook}, year = {2003}, pages = {x, 619 p. }, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, keywords = {Process}, isbn = {978-0-262-13429-3 }, author = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Herman, George} } @inbook {Crowston:1994b, title = {A Taxonomy of Organizational Dependencies and Coordination Mechanisms}, booktitle = {Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook}, year = {2003}, pages = {85-108}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, type = {Working paper}, abstract = {Interdependency and coordination have been perennial topics in organization studies. The two are related because coordination is seen as a response to problems caused by dependencies. Past studies, however, describe dependencies and coordination mechanisms only in general terms, without characterizing in detail differences between dependencies, the problems dependencies create or how the proposed coordination mechanisms address those problems. This vagueness makes it difficult or impossible to determine what alternative coordination mechanisms might be useful in a given circumstance or to directly translate these alternative designs into specifications of individual activities. In this paper I develop a taxonomy of dependency types by considering possible combinations of activities using resources. The taxonomy includes task-resource dependencies and three types of task-task dependencies: shared resources, producer-consumer and common output. For each type of dependency, alternative coordination mechanisms are described. I conclude by discussing how the taxonomy helps to analyze organizational processes and suggest alternative processes. Although you will perform with different ingredients for different dishes, the same general processes are repeated over and over again. As you enlarge your repertoire, you will find that the seemingly endless babble of recipes begins to fall rather neatly into groups of theme and variations... --Child, Bertholle and Beck (1981, p. vii) }, keywords = {Coordination}, isbn = {0585480249}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ATaxonomyOfOrganizationalDependencies.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Herman, George} } @proceedings {, title = {Using the service encounter model to enhance our understanding of business-to-consumer transactions in an electronic environment.}, year = {2003}, address = {Bled, Slovenia, 9{\textendash}11 June}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative perspective to enhance our understanding of the transactions between customers and service providers in an electronic environment. The service encounter literature is well established in the Marketing field and provides an alternative model to explore online business-to-consumer transactions. The taxonomy of antecedents of satisfaction developed from this model has been tested over time, across respondents (i.e., customers{\textquoteright} perspective vs. employees{\textquoteright} perspective), and across different settings. This taxonomy, however, has been mostly restricted to the bricks-and-mortar environment. Based on the analysis of a pretest sample of customer-reported online experiences, the taxonomy has the potential to enhance our understanding of business-to-consumer online transactions. The next step is to carry out a complete study in order refine the taxonomy to account for the electronic context.}, keywords = {E-commerce}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/15Massad_0.pdf}, author = {Massad, Nelson and Kevin Crowston} } @article {, title = {The effects of market-enabling Internet agents on competition and prices}, journal = {Journal of Electronic Commerce Research}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {1-22}, abstract = {The Internet offers a vision of ubiquitous electronic commerce. A particularly useful feature is the ability to automate the search for price or other information across multiple vendors by using an {\textquotedblleft}agent{\textquotedblright} to retrieve relevant information. The use of agents has the potential to dramatically reduce buyers{\textquoteright} search costs. We develop a framework that suggests that vendors who sell products with many differentiating factors beyond price will tend to accept agents, while vendors of commodities or branded goods will tend to resist them unless they have lower costs than their competitors. Empirically, we found that agents seem to be accepted for differentiated goods, but resisted for more commoditized goods, though not universally. An analysis of prices from one agent shows that 1) a small number of vendors tended to have the lowest prices and 2) while divergence in pricing remains, price dispersion declined over the period studied.}, keywords = {Electronic Commerce, Internet Agent, Market-enabling}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/joecr01.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and MacInnes, Ian} } @article {Malone:1999, title = {Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes}, journal = {Management Science}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, note = {Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Crowston, K. \& Herman, G. (Eds.) Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Laubacher, R. \& Scott Morton, M. S. (Eds.). Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.}, pages = {425{\textendash}443}, abstract = {This paper describes a novel theoretical and empirical approach to tasks such as business process redesign and knowledge management. The project involves collecting examples of how different organizations perform similar processes, and organizing these examples in an on-line "process handbook." The handbook is intended to help people: (1) redesign existing organizational processes, (2) invent new organizational processes (especially ones that take advantage of information technology), and (3) share ideas about organizational practices. A key element of the work is an approach to analyzing processes at various levels of abstraction, thus capturing both the details of specific processes as well as the "deep structure" of their similarities. This approach uses ideas from computer science about inheritance and from coordination theory about managing dependencies. A primary advantage of the approach is that it allows people to explicitly represent the similarities (and differences) among related processes and to easily find or generate sensible alternatives for how a given process could be performed. In addition to describing this new approach, the work reported here demonstrates the basic technical feasibility of these ideas and gives one example of their use in a field study.}, keywords = {Coordination, Handbook, Process}, doi = {10.1287/mnsc.45.3.425}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ms99.pdf}, author = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Lee, Jintae and Pentland, Brian and Dellarocas, Chrysanthos and Wyner, George and Quimby, John and Osborn, Charley and Bernstein, Avi and Herman, George and Klein, Mark and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Elissa} } @article {Malone:1994, title = {The interdisciplinary study of coordination}, journal = {Computing Surveys}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, note = {Reprinted in Olson, G. M, Malone, T. W., and Smith, J. B. (Eds.) Coordination Theory and Collaboration Technology (pp. 7{\textendash}50). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001. Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Crowston, K. \& Herman, G. (Eds.) Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.}, pages = {87{\textendash}119}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {This survey characterizes an emerging research area, sometimes called coordination theory, that focuses on the interdisciplinary study of coordination. Research in this area uses and extends ideas about coordination from disciplines such as computer science, organization theory, operations research, economics, linguistics, and psychology. A key insight of the framework presented here is that coordination can be seen as the process of managing dependencies among activities. Further progress, therefore, should be possible by characterizing different kinds of dependencies and identifying the coordination processes that can be used to manage them. A variety of processes are analyzed from this perspective, and commonalities across disciplines are identified. Processes analyzed include those for managing shared resources, producer/consumer relationships, simultaneity constraints, and tank/subtask dependencies. Section 3 summarizes ways of applying a coordination perspective in three different domains: (1) understanding the effects of information technology on human organizations and markets, (2) designing cooperative work tools, and (3) designing distributed and parallel computer systems. In the final section, elements of a research agenda in this new area are briefly outlined. }, keywords = {Coordination}, doi = {10.1145/174666.174668}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/acmcs94.pdf}, author = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston} } @conference {1994, title = {Using a Process Handbook to design organizational processes}, booktitle = {Computational Organization Design: 1994 AAAI Spring Symposium }, year = {1994}, note = {Technical Report SS-94-07}, pages = {55-56}, publisher = {AAAI Press}, organization = {AAAI Press}, keywords = {Handbook, Process}, isbn = {9780929280806}, author = {Dellarocas, C and Lee, Jintae and Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Pentland, Brian}, editor = {Hulthage, Ingemar} } @inbook {Crowston:1991, title = {Modelling coordination in organizations}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence in Organization and Management Theory}, year = {1991}, pages = {215-234}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {Coordination}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/modellingcoordin00crow.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Masuch, Michael and Massimo, G.} } @proceedings {Malone:1990, title = {What is coordination theory and how can it help design cooperative work systems?}, year = {1990}, note = {Reprinted in D. Marca and G. Bock. (Eds.) Groupware: Software for Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 100{\textendash}115). Washington: IEEE Press, 1992.}, pages = {357{\textendash}370}, publisher = {ACM Press}, address = {Los Angeles, CA}, keywords = {Coordination}, doi = {10.1145/99332.99367}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/10.1.1.92.4445.pdf}, author = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Tatar, Deborah} } @proceedings {Mackay:1989, title = {How do experienced Information Lens users use rules?}, year = {1989}, note = {Proceedings Reprinted as ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, Volume 20, Issue SI.}, pages = {211{\textendash}216}, address = {Austin, TX}, abstract = {The Information Lens provides electronic mail users with the ability to write rules that automatically sort, select, and filter their messages. This paper describes preliminary results from an eighteen-month investigation of the use of this system at a corporate test site. We report the experiences of 13 voluntary users who have each had at least three months experience with the most recent version of the system. We found that: 1. People without significant computer experience are able to create and use rules effectively. 2. Useful rules can be created based on the fields present in all messages (e.g., searching for distribution lists or one{\textquoteright}s own name in the address fields or for character strings in the subject field), even without any special message templates. 3. People use rules both to prioritize messages before reading them and to sort messages into folders for storage after reading them. 4. People use delete rules primarily to filter out messages from low-priority distribution lists, not to delete personal messages to themselves.}, keywords = {Computer-Mediated Communication}, doi = {10.1145/67449.67491}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/sigchi89.pdf}, author = {Mackay, Wendy E. and Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Rao, Ramana and Rosenblitt, David and Card, Stuart K.}, editor = {Bice, Ken and Lewis, Clayton} } @inbook {Crowston:1988, title = {Information technology and work organization}, booktitle = {Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction}, year = {1988}, note = {Reprinted in Thomas J. Allen and Michael S. Scott Morton. (Eds), Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s (pp. 249{\textendash}275). New York: Oxford, 1994.}, pages = {1051{\textendash}1070}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {Information Technology, Organization}, isbn = {9780444705365}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/informationtechn00crow.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Malone, Thomas W.}, editor = {Helander, M.} } @article {Crowston:1988b, title = {Intelligent Software Agents}, volume = {13}, number = {December}, year = {1988}, pages = {267{\textendash}271}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, keywords = {Internet Agent}, issn = {0360-5280 }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/10.1.1.86.1766.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Malone, Thomas W.} } @article {Crowston:1987, title = {Cognitive science and organizational design: A case study of computer conferencing}, journal = {Human Computer Interaction}, volume = {3}, year = {1987}, note = {Originally appeared in Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '86) (pp. 43{\textendash}61). Austin, TX: ACM, 1986. Reprinted in I. Grief (Ed.) Computer-supported cooperative work: A book of readings (pp. 713{\textendash}740). San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.}, pages = {59{\textendash}85}, abstract = {Many researchers have investigated and speculated about the link between information technology and organizational structure with very mixed results. This paper suggests that part of the reason for these mixed results is the coarseness of previous analyses of both technology and structure The paper describes a new and much more detailed perspective for investigating this link. Using concepts of object-oriented programming from artificial intelligence, the information processing that occurs in organizations is characterized in terms of the kinds of messages people exchange and the ways they process those messages The utility of this approach is demonstrated through the analysis of a case in which a reduction in levels of management is coupled with the introduction of a computer conferencing system The detailed model developed for this case helps explain both macro-level data about the changes in the organizational structure, and micro-level data about individuals{\textquoteright} use of the svstem.}, keywords = {Organizational Modelling}, doi = {10.1207/s15327051hci0301_4 }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/cognitivescience00crow.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Malone, Thomas W. and Lin, Felix} } @proceedings {1986, title = {Cognitive science and organizational design}, year = {1986}, pages = {43-61}, publisher = {ACM Press}, address = {Austin, Texas}, abstract = {Many researchers have investigated and speculated about the link between information technology and organizational structure with very mixed results. This paper suggests that part of the reason for these mixed results is the coarseness of previous analyses of both technology and structure. The paper describes a new and much more detailed perspective for investigating this link. Using concepts of object-oriented programming from artificial intelligence, the information processing that occurs in organizations is characterized in terms of the kinds of messages people exchange and the ways they process those messages. The utility of this approach is demonstrated through the analysis of a case in which a reduction in levels of management is coupled with the introduction of a computer conferencing system. The detailed model developed for this case helps explain both macro-level data about thd changes in the organizational structure, and micro-level data about individuals{\textquoteright} use of the system.}, keywords = {Organizational Modelling}, isbn = {1234567890}, doi = {10.1145/637069.637076}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu./sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/p43-crowston.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Malone, Thomas W. and Lin, Felix} }